Chapter 2
Interesting intro pointing to a need for action as opposed to chat.
2 approaches are looked at in the chapter.
Both kindof Aristotelian
1. Idea that behaviour is affected by decisions
look at decisions
decision procedures
how do we figure out the right think to do?
JUDGEMENT
2. Idea that motivation is key.
virtue theory
what do we want?
DESIRE
1. Sternberg - essentially teleological and Aristotelian.
definition of a human activity should be given in fixed terms of its purpose.
we assess goodness of behaviour by reference to the defining the purpose of the behaviour.
Purposes are essential for defining goodness.
'If the purpose of writing is to inform, then what counts as good writing will be different if the purpose is to confuse or amuse.
> purpose of business - maximise owner value
this is what differentiates business from club/gov/family
>in order to maximise value long-term, confidence is needed
therefore trust is needed
legality must be favoured
honesty, fairness must be followed
ORDINARY DECENCY
> In order to achieve its purpose DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE must be followed
i.e. rewards for contributions to cause. Good pay for hard work etc.
Business is ethical when it maximises long-term owner value subject to distributive justice and ordinary decency.
P29 Key insights into ethical decisions.
>not an add-on
>if an act does not maximise owner-value lon-term, then it is wrong, both ethically and financially
>must contribute
>this does not mean 'green' stuff in wrong - it may contribute long-term.
>Using business resources for non-related activities in THEFT.
p.30
>business should only partake in activities where adds to long-term value is maximised
>one additional issue with unrelated 'social responsibility' is that it distracts from real ethical objectives. diverts attention.
>shouldn't give money to charity to avoid justice for unethical activities.
New Slant.
Some corps fo follow other goals, as decided by their shareholders.
>Stakeholder theory. idea that business is not run for financial gain of owners, but for the benefit of those who have a stake in the business. eg. employees/customers.
However, Sternberg argues
A business is not a business unless it follows th goal of profit maximisation long-run.
Anything else - not business.
Stakeholder theory may be an improvement, but it is not business.
Friday 31 August 2007
Managing Values and Beliefs in orgs
Book.
Chapter 1
Rise of CSR
dates back to American civil war and the sharp rise of capitalism afterwards.
anti-trust movement dates back to this time.
business was seen as powerful and dangerous.
consolidation in business has led to a small number of powerful orgs.
General Motors, Ford Motor Company, IBM, General Electric Company, Mobil, Exxon.
There are large hidden costs to society - despite philanthropy.
case against CSR
Milton Freedman - biggest name against.
There are different anti groups- some calling for more government intervention.
Rise of Business Ethics BE
Post-war phenomenon
Watergate>Nixon>public disillusionment
the emergence of 'post-industrialist' society
Difference between BE and CSR
Idea that BE is taking 'universal' ethics and applying them to business.
CSR is more specific.
Case against BE
The example of poker is used - need a bit of deception to win.
some say business is already regulated by law
however is morality broader than legality . pg 9
rise of corporate governance
most recent - came after big corporate failures of 1980s/1990s
due to fraud and huge pay packages for big brass
Case for CG
idea is that business does not collapse if corporate governance regulations are put in place
see Cadbury Code
Against CG
Would not have prevented some of th failures/collapses
Some say recommendations intrude too much.
too much focus on accountability not prosperity.
Integration of CG, BE, CSR
The book looks to bring them all together.
Chapter 1
Rise of CSR
dates back to American civil war and the sharp rise of capitalism afterwards.
anti-trust movement dates back to this time.
business was seen as powerful and dangerous.
consolidation in business has led to a small number of powerful orgs.
General Motors, Ford Motor Company, IBM, General Electric Company, Mobil, Exxon.
There are large hidden costs to society - despite philanthropy.
case against CSR
Milton Freedman - biggest name against.
There are different anti groups- some calling for more government intervention.
Rise of Business Ethics BE
Post-war phenomenon
Watergate>Nixon>public disillusionment
the emergence of 'post-industrialist' society
Difference between BE and CSR
Idea that BE is taking 'universal' ethics and applying them to business.
CSR is more specific.
Case against BE
The example of poker is used - need a bit of deception to win.
some say business is already regulated by law
however is morality broader than legality . pg 9
rise of corporate governance
most recent - came after big corporate failures of 1980s/1990s
due to fraud and huge pay packages for big brass
Case for CG
idea is that business does not collapse if corporate governance regulations are put in place
see Cadbury Code
Against CG
Would not have prevented some of th failures/collapses
Some say recommendations intrude too much.
too much focus on accountability not prosperity.
Integration of CG, BE, CSR
The book looks to bring them all together.
Thursday 30 August 2007
Malloy and Lang
Aristotelian Approach to Case Study
The traditional, and possibly accepted view is a 'rational' positivistic view of organisational behaviour.
The kindof anti-example is the Ford Pinto, where there was a fault, but they carried on regardless with production. This could be seen as a reason for something more than a cost-benefit analysis - especially considering the lack of ethics involved.
To analyse the factors which influence organisational behaviour in a comprehensive manner, we need to extend our knowledge to a higher epistomological level. - TRANSRATIONAL.
Essentially 4 elements to the Metaphysics of Aristotle.
Material Cause - out of which something is made
Formal Cause - that into which something is made
Efficient cause - that by which something is made
Final cause - that for the sake of which something is made
Eg. a shoe - leather is material cause, the form that the shoe takes is the formal cause, the cobbler is the efficient cause of the shoe, supporting the cobblers family is the final cause.
Aristotle did not mean for the First Principle and the Four Cause to be used in an administrative context.
The traditional, and possibly accepted view is a 'rational' positivistic view of organisational behaviour.
The kindof anti-example is the Ford Pinto, where there was a fault, but they carried on regardless with production. This could be seen as a reason for something more than a cost-benefit analysis - especially considering the lack of ethics involved.
To analyse the factors which influence organisational behaviour in a comprehensive manner, we need to extend our knowledge to a higher epistomological level. - TRANSRATIONAL.
Essentially 4 elements to the Metaphysics of Aristotle.
Material Cause - out of which something is made
Formal Cause - that into which something is made
Efficient cause - that by which something is made
Final cause - that for the sake of which something is made
Eg. a shoe - leather is material cause, the form that the shoe takes is the formal cause, the cobbler is the efficient cause of the shoe, supporting the cobblers family is the final cause.
Aristotle did not mean for the First Principle and the Four Cause to be used in an administrative context.
Tuesday 28 August 2007
A & F
Chapter three looks at behaviour and tries to define it in some way.
Looks at individual actions as well as behaviour categories (groups of individual actions)
important details of how single actions can be interpreted incorrectly and also how they can be misleading.
Also the difference between an action and an action towards a target. eg. success in an exam is the combination of a number of single actions. Not an action in itself.
The later part of the chapter goes on to point out the specific need for
ACTION
TARGET
CONTEXT
TIME
Need for detail. This thread will become very important. Matching up the degree of pinpointedness about the action/target/context/time
Do you recycle?
Do you recycle newspapers, every sunday, by bringing them to the box at the end of the street?
Looks at individual actions as well as behaviour categories (groups of individual actions)
important details of how single actions can be interpreted incorrectly and also how they can be misleading.
Also the difference between an action and an action towards a target. eg. success in an exam is the combination of a number of single actions. Not an action in itself.
The later part of the chapter goes on to point out the specific need for
ACTION
TARGET
CONTEXT
TIME
Need for detail. This thread will become very important. Matching up the degree of pinpointedness about the action/target/context/time
Do you recycle?
Do you recycle newspapers, every sunday, by bringing them to the box at the end of the street?
Ajzen and Fishbein Ch 2 (1980)
Goes into the history of academic work in attitudes
Thurstone one of the first to look a t a 'scale'
it was fairly complicated and so others looked to simplify it into a unidimensional scale.
Likert developed his scale.
Allport then called for something more qualitative, recognising the complex nature of attitude.
Other authors looked into the breakdown of the link - LaPiere most famous study.
Doob looked at how attitude and as well as response needed to be learned and were not just a simple relationship between them.
The trilogy of COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, and CONATIVE (BEHAVIOURAL) aspects of attitude emerged.
COGNITIVE - perceptual responses and verbal statements of belief.
AFFECTIVE - sympathetic nervous responses, and verbal statements of affect
BEHAVIOURAL - overt actions and verbal statements concerning behaviour.
The rilogy was however binned to some extent as the different measures were seen to flow into one.
Thurstone one of the first to look a t a 'scale'
it was fairly complicated and so others looked to simplify it into a unidimensional scale.
Likert developed his scale.
Allport then called for something more qualitative, recognising the complex nature of attitude.
Other authors looked into the breakdown of the link - LaPiere most famous study.
Doob looked at how attitude and as well as response needed to be learned and were not just a simple relationship between them.
The trilogy of COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, and CONATIVE (BEHAVIOURAL) aspects of attitude emerged.
COGNITIVE - perceptual responses and verbal statements of belief.
AFFECTIVE - sympathetic nervous responses, and verbal statements of affect
BEHAVIOURAL - overt actions and verbal statements concerning behaviour.
The rilogy was however binned to some extent as the different measures were seen to flow into one.
Ajzen and Fishbein (1980)
Going through the original text again.
Some questions raised - do I need to loo ka t the 1975 text? How far back do I need to go?
The model looks at prediction and understanding - does this mean a minor tweaking of what I was talking about? I was looking at peolpe who had made the decision to purchase an RT break - ie the action has been taken, however I think that will now need to become a sample of peopl ewho purchase RT breaks and then probe why they might purchase an RT break. A little fiddly I realise, but I will have to work with this.
The theory is designed to explain virtually any human behaviour, whether we wnat to understand why a person bought a new car, voted against a school board issue, was absent from work... - not restricted to a specific behaviour
Does this invalidate specific application of the model? NO, but changes to the model will need to be carefully considered.
What exactly does COGNITIVE mean? need to explore definitions.
What is Behaviour theory? need to have a look at this.
Some questions raised - do I need to loo ka t the 1975 text? How far back do I need to go?
The model looks at prediction and understanding - does this mean a minor tweaking of what I was talking about? I was looking at peolpe who had made the decision to purchase an RT break - ie the action has been taken, however I think that will now need to become a sample of peopl ewho purchase RT breaks and then probe why they might purchase an RT break. A little fiddly I realise, but I will have to work with this.
The theory is designed to explain virtually any human behaviour, whether we wnat to understand why a person bought a new car, voted against a school board issue, was absent from work... - not restricted to a specific behaviour
Does this invalidate specific application of the model? NO, but changes to the model will need to be carefully considered.
What exactly does COGNITIVE mean? need to explore definitions.
What is Behaviour theory? need to have a look at this.
Wednesday 22 August 2007
Terry Newholm
Went to see Terry in Manchester
Very nice chap. very helpful. lots of new ideas and avenues to explore.
Mentioned setting up meetings with Rob Harrison and Deirdre Shaw.
Brought a whole new perspective to the Constructivist side of things.
Terry would look at discourse analysis - eg. traditional tourist discourse and ethical or green discourse to see where RT might fit in.
He talked me through a lot of epistimological/ontological options and pointed out the difficultis with following certain paths. Thinks I am a critical realist - check.
Gave me some good refs to go away and check up on.
need to really explore what my new knowledge is. What is my contribution?
will my model be unique or the same?
Does TPB need to be universal?
Applicable to everything?
Need to really study the Ajzen Fishbein book to see exactly where they were coming from.
Were they trying to explain everything?
Very nice chap. very helpful. lots of new ideas and avenues to explore.
Mentioned setting up meetings with Rob Harrison and Deirdre Shaw.
Brought a whole new perspective to the Constructivist side of things.
Terry would look at discourse analysis - eg. traditional tourist discourse and ethical or green discourse to see where RT might fit in.
He talked me through a lot of epistimological/ontological options and pointed out the difficultis with following certain paths. Thinks I am a critical realist - check.
Gave me some good refs to go away and check up on.
need to really explore what my new knowledge is. What is my contribution?
will my model be unique or the same?
Does TPB need to be universal?
Applicable to everything?
Need to really study the Ajzen Fishbein book to see exactly where they were coming from.
Were they trying to explain everything?
Tuesday 21 August 2007
R1 latest
almost there
just need to make sure there is enough criticism of old RT work
and that it all hangs together
further trimming possibly equired.
maybe cut definition
ETC stuff too.
Focus on Terry Newholm at the moment
want to have a good set of questions for him.
just need to make sure there is enough criticism of old RT work
and that it all hangs together
further trimming possibly equired.
maybe cut definition
ETC stuff too.
Focus on Terry Newholm at the moment
want to have a good set of questions for him.
Tuesday 14 August 2007
meet with xavier
lots of good stuff regarding R1 doc.
why why
why?
why use methodology
more detail needed
why TRA
1) tested
2) benchmarked
3)?
4) robust?
why 3 different companies?
3 different generations?
does it matter?
explain things?
why is this area in such need of work?
details timeline???
data analysis -
quali detail - mining into tra questions
detail - why?
ethical clearance?
cut down on lots of stuff - re- write in order.
why why
why?
why use methodology
more detail needed
why TRA
1) tested
2) benchmarked
3)?
4) robust?
why 3 different companies?
3 different generations?
does it matter?
explain things?
why is this area in such need of work?
details timeline???
data analysis -
quali detail - mining into tra questions
detail - why?
ethical clearance?
cut down on lots of stuff - re- write in order.
Monday 6 August 2007
Bauman interview
Great interview by Tourism Studies with ZB about tourism and ZB's interpretation of it.
Need to print off in the office.
Wonderful link to how tourists use up their curiosity on familiar surrounds - Algarve etc. but could use it for much more 'ethical' purposes.
Good interview to steal a few words from.
Just look up ZB and tourism in google.
Need to print off in the office.
Wonderful link to how tourists use up their curiosity on familiar surrounds - Algarve etc. but could use it for much more 'ethical' purposes.
Good interview to steal a few words from.
Just look up ZB and tourism in google.
Meeting with Simon Robinson
Very productive meeting with Simon today.
Although Consumer Ethics is not really his speciality, he was able to provide good perspective and reassurance.
He recommended having a good look at a couple of things.
Paul Ricouer - philosophies
JP Lederach - summing up Ricouer
Journal of moral education
M. Possardt - December 2004
Douglas Rest
He also said it may be worth having another look at Sigmund Bauman
He mentioned a company called interface inc, who look at exactly what an ethical company do.
Key point was really about the value of qualitative/quantitative research. The use of scales etc. in this area is of course going to offer limited answers, but will offer comparision. Simon pointed to the need for the post-tour interview/group work to be rich and qualitative. Get some real answers. Is there going to be any lines between what the companies say they want to do and what they do? Do people actually change? is this experience lifechanging?
another angle was to look at 'processing the experience' - when does this happen?
does it happen?
I think another good look at Bauman will shed some light. He looks at the consumer very much in the sense that he has no responsiblity. Need to check it out.
Where dos the responsibility lie? With the consumer? with the company?
Do people experience a hightened level of awareness when on tour?
Although Consumer Ethics is not really his speciality, he was able to provide good perspective and reassurance.
He recommended having a good look at a couple of things.
Paul Ricouer - philosophies
JP Lederach - summing up Ricouer
Journal of moral education
M. Possardt - December 2004
Douglas Rest
He also said it may be worth having another look at Sigmund Bauman
He mentioned a company called interface inc, who look at exactly what an ethical company do.
Key point was really about the value of qualitative/quantitative research. The use of scales etc. in this area is of course going to offer limited answers, but will offer comparision. Simon pointed to the need for the post-tour interview/group work to be rich and qualitative. Get some real answers. Is there going to be any lines between what the companies say they want to do and what they do? Do people actually change? is this experience lifechanging?
another angle was to look at 'processing the experience' - when does this happen?
does it happen?
I think another good look at Bauman will shed some light. He looks at the consumer very much in the sense that he has no responsiblity. Need to check it out.
Where dos the responsibility lie? With the consumer? with the company?
Do people experience a hightened level of awareness when on tour?
Saturday 4 August 2007
Sparks 1992
Self-Identity and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Assesing the Role of Identification with" Green Consumerism"
deep look at self identity and whether it is an independent variable in the formation of intention.
the authors seem convinced that it is not independent, but rather an antecedent to attitude.
they tackle the articles claiming that it is independent and carry out research of their own.
they kinda come to the conclusion that it is independent (grudgingly) but point out that other authors do not apply A + F 100% accurately.
good intro to self id.
You want to do A, and you should do A (B), but you are the sort of person who does C.
deep look at self identity and whether it is an independent variable in the formation of intention.
the authors seem convinced that it is not independent, but rather an antecedent to attitude.
they tackle the articles claiming that it is independent and carry out research of their own.
they kinda come to the conclusion that it is independent (grudgingly) but point out that other authors do not apply A + F 100% accurately.
good intro to self id.
You want to do A, and you should do A (B), but you are the sort of person who does C.
thought for the day
Very preliminary look at tourism satisfaction
keen to develop a link between the initial questionnaire and the Satisfaction part.
in the initial questionnaire the questions will ask 'how important' they think something is.
this is to give some indication of 'how ethical' they are. these 'ethical' questions can then be asked again at the end of the tour, with the added dimension of to what extent do you think they existed on tour - need to develop, but the initial seeds are there.
keen to develop a link between the initial questionnaire and the Satisfaction part.
in the initial questionnaire the questions will ask 'how important' they think something is.
this is to give some indication of 'how ethical' they are. these 'ethical' questions can then be asked again at the end of the tour, with the added dimension of to what extent do you think they existed on tour - need to develop, but the initial seeds are there.
Friday 3 August 2007
R1 latest
I had a re-jig of the R1 doc I gave to Harold and xavier in May/June.
The main points coing out of that meeting were methodological, so the real bul of the changes wil be in the methods part at the end. I have completed up to the part which goes into the design of the project and I have about 1500 words to play with.
I will need to go into Customer/consumer satisfaction models over the weekend to establish what i want to use. As an aim, I would like to have that chosen by monday - probs fairly standard, but need to keep in mind the experiential side of things.
The link - people who are more 'ethically oriented' more likely to enjoy an 'ethical holiday'????
Going to meet this dude on monday - need to do some serious prep for it.
Simon Robinson.
Need to get whatever I need Saturday to that I have it all for Headingley campus Sunday Monday.
Ethics.
The main points coing out of that meeting were methodological, so the real bul of the changes wil be in the methods part at the end. I have completed up to the part which goes into the design of the project and I have about 1500 words to play with.
I will need to go into Customer/consumer satisfaction models over the weekend to establish what i want to use. As an aim, I would like to have that chosen by monday - probs fairly standard, but need to keep in mind the experiential side of things.
The link - people who are more 'ethically oriented' more likely to enjoy an 'ethical holiday'????
Going to meet this dude on monday - need to do some serious prep for it.
Simon Robinson.
Need to get whatever I need Saturday to that I have it all for Headingley campus Sunday Monday.
Ethics.
Thursday 2 August 2007
update
trying to put together some sort of R1 doc
guess i need to do some work on customer satisfaction first
but it will be in with the small part on methods at the end, just like TPB
need to really ge the structure set and flow.
there are lots of patches of this and that everywhere.
need cohesion
guess i need to do some work on customer satisfaction first
but it will be in with the small part on methods at the end, just like TPB
need to really ge the structure set and flow.
there are lots of patches of this and that everywhere.
need cohesion
Wednesday 1 August 2007
update
currently trying to write up a concise overview of where Shaw is at in terma of development from TRA to TPB to include ethical and self-identity variabes.
then how these can be integrated and also whether they are independent of attitude or antecedents.
once this is in place - discussion of regression analysis verses SEM.
needs to be fairly high level, to allow for easy integration into R1 do to be written next week.
Satisfaction of course needs to be addressed. Looking at this point that a few assumptions will need to be made, but for the sake of the R1 it should be fine.
then how these can be integrated and also whether they are independent of attitude or antecedents.
once this is in place - discussion of regression analysis verses SEM.
needs to be fairly high level, to allow for easy integration into R1 do to be written next week.
Satisfaction of course needs to be addressed. Looking at this point that a few assumptions will need to be made, but for the sake of the R1 it should be fine.
Shaw 2000 - Conference paper
The Impact of Ethics in Consumer Choice: a Multivariate Modelling Case Study
same same as far is shaw is concerned - maybe slightly better in terms of breaking down the constructs; ATT SN PBC SI
Diagrams are good and clear
Again makes reference to the need to look more closely at A+F work regarding the detail - why and how do we split these concepts (context/traditional etc.)
same same as far is shaw is concerned - maybe slightly better in terms of breaking down the constructs; ATT SN PBC SI
Diagrams are good and clear
Again makes reference to the need to look more closely at A+F work regarding the detail - why and how do we split these concepts (context/traditional etc.)
Shaw 2003
Ethics in consumer choice: a multivariate modelling approach
Same same as far as Shaw's work goes, but a little more detail in terms of the sub-constructs for the main antecedents of intention. I think it is all taken from A + F with att_traditional, att_control, etc. Goes into more detail of SEM than other articles.
Need to consider just how statistical I want to go, as there are a lot of measures used here, and I would need to feel comfortable with them.
The model itself does make more sense than the basic TPB, but is more stat - intensive.
The division of the sample into 2 groups is just to test the validity of one of the groups.
Good Diagram - model two, which shows all the links,
need to check the meaning of latent variable.
Same same as far as Shaw's work goes, but a little more detail in terms of the sub-constructs for the main antecedents of intention. I think it is all taken from A + F with att_traditional, att_control, etc. Goes into more detail of SEM than other articles.
Need to consider just how statistical I want to go, as there are a lot of measures used here, and I would need to feel comfortable with them.
The model itself does make more sense than the basic TPB, but is more stat - intensive.
The division of the sample into 2 groups is just to test the validity of one of the groups.
Good Diagram - model two, which shows all the links,
need to check the meaning of latent variable.
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